Author: Mario Verissimo Horta Lopes, MD, BSc Aeron Eng, MSc Physics
ABSTRACT
This essay examines the critical relationship between human population permanent in 2026 and the Aerobic Dynamic Equilibrium stability based on the fundamental relation between Di-oxygen (O2) consumed and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) expelled. This essay quantifies the Di-oxygen depletion and Carbon Dioxide accumulation strictly based on the local human activity under standard atmospheric conditions (20-220 Celsius: 1013.25mbar) with the O2:CO2 rate to 10:1. Findings demonstrate the natural but continuous unbalance between the Di-oxygen captured from the atmosphere and the Carbon Dioxide emitted. This essay tries elucidate clearly that the Capital and Metropolitan area must have a limit number of permanent and in transit inhabitants in order to be possible the stability of the Aerobic Dynamic Equilibrium without fixate levels of toxic air causing clinical pathologies as already described, as well as Agriculture stress and surface water acidification.
Keywords:
Di-oxygen consuming, Carbon Dioxide spreading, acidification of the atmosphere, Carbon zero sustainability
1. INTRODUCTION
The balance between oxygen (O₂) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) in the atmosphere forms the foundation of Earth’s aerobic dynamic equilibrium. In standard atmospheric conditions — referred to as the Atmosphere Standard (AtS) inside of the Biosphere — oxygen exists at a concentration approximately ten times higher than carbon dioxide (10:1 ratIo). However, human activity, especially within densely populated urban areas, disturbs this equilibrium by consuming O₂ and emitting CO₂ at accelerated rates.
This essay evaluates the Critical Incidence Factor associated with the development of the so-called acidification bubble, focusing on the imbalance between O₂ consumption and CO₂ emission in rapidly growing cities. The analysis uses the case of NCT Delhi as an example of a high-density Metropolitan system where atmospheric equilibrium is under pressure due to the lack of limits in the population expansion, air corridors of acidification, a Mid Troposphere on aggressive acidification, surface water on acidification, urban areas without regeneration of the Aerobic dynamic equilibrium and Agriculture stress.
2. METHODS
Based on Standard Atmospheric Conditions
· Temperature 20-22 Celsius
· Pressure 1013.25 mbar
· Baseline O2:CO2 ratio in Atmosphere 10:1
To be created one real Atmospheric Impact Matrix (AIM) needs includes also the air corridors composition, the semi-stationary Atmosphere emissions, local vegetable biomass CO2 consume, local Animal Activity (consuming and expelling), and Aerobic Dynamic Equilibrium based on the charges of pollution.
Therefore, this essay shows even with Standard Atmospheric conditions the population density by itself has a real impact in the limits of Air quality
Atmosphere Baseline ratio (g) 10:1
Consuming/expelling per person
| Gas Vol/da | Density | Mass /day | ||
| di-oxygen | Consumed | 550 Liter | 1.225 kg/m3 | 0.44 kg |
| Carb Dioxid | Expelled | 505 Liter | 0.00198 kg/ | 1 kg |
Baseline line ratio (kg) 0.44:1
In Atmosphere impact per person
| Action | Gas Volume/day | Density | Mass /day | |
| Di-Oxygen | Removed | 550 Liter | 1,429 kg/m3 | 785.95 g |
| Carb Dioxide | added | 505 Liter | 422 ppm | 0.45925 g |
Baseline ratio (g) 1’711:1
From these ratios the Human Activity of one person expels 2.27 times more in CO2 but in the Atmosphere the O2 removed is 1 ‘711 times more than CO2 added.
3. DATA SOURCE
Population data were obtained from Census of India and World Population Projections (2026) for:
• New Delhi City (Capital)
• Metropolitan Delhi (NCT Delhi)
Daily population fluctuation (commuting and transient inhabitants) was considered to represent an average increase of 40% relative to the permanent population.
4. RESULTS
4.1 Delhi City (2026 Projection)
• Population growth: +2.9%
• Permanent residents: 16,627,000
• Daily fluctuation: 6,650,800 (≈40%)
Oxygen (O₂) Consumption:
• Total: 10,242,232 kg/day
• Removed from atmosphere: 18,295,186 kg/day
Carbon Dioxide (CO₂) Emission:
• Total: 23,277,800 kg/day
• Added to atmosphere: 10,690,239 kg/day
4.2 Metropolitan Delhi (2026 Projection)
• Population growth: +7%
• Permanent residents: 24,636,000
Oxygen (O₂) Consumption:
• Consumed: 10,839,840 kg/day
• Removed from atmosphere: 19,362,664 kg/day
Carbon Dioxide (CO₂) Emission:
• Expelled: 24,636,000 kg/day
• Added to atmosphere: 11,314,083 kg/day
5. DISCUSSION
Even without one representative Atmospheric Impact Matrix the analysis per person demonstrates a critical deviation tendency from the expected Aerobic Dynamic Equilibrium stabilisation.
Oxygen consumption per person is 171 times higher than the sustainable Aerobic Dynamic equilibrium for the same proportion of CO2 but in the Low troposphere the exchange of O2 to CO2 is 2.27 times more than the oxygen consumed. Without a continuous correspondent local Vegetable Biomass or dedicated technology for the CO2 capture/consumption then, the tendency shall be the Aerobic Dynamic Imbalance of the O2:CO2 life cycle.
This disproportionate relationship indicates that densely populated areas act as oxygen sinks rather than balanced aerobic systems. Such imbalances may contribute to local and regional acidification effects, ecosystem degradation, and reduced atmospheric self-regulation capacity.
Without active and immediate intervention, these effects may compound, leading to urban atmospheric instability —the so-called semi-stationary acidification bubble— and potentially irreversible environmental and human consequences.
6. CONCLUSION
From an aerobic dynamic equilibrium perspective:
• The relation Oxygen depletion/CO2 emission is a very critical rate, with continuous tendency to exceed the balance threshold.
• Atmospheric modeling indicates that the mass of oxygen removed is 1,711 times higher than the carbon dioxide added is also another dynamic parameter to exceed the balance threshold.
• Urban centers and metropolitan regions must implement population limits and monitor atmospheric composition to preserve sustainable air quality.
A comprehensive population–atmosphere correlation model is required to establish the maximum density threshold compatible with environmental equilibrium. The findings underline the urgent need for policies aligned with Carbon Zero and long-term atmospheric sustainability.
7. LIMITATIONS
This essay does not include local measurements of atmospheric O₂ and CO₂ concentrations relative to population density, as such data are not publicly available. These parameters are crucial for determining precise sustainability thresholds and for calibrating future environmental models.
8. REFERENCES
• Census of India (2025–2026 Projections)
• World Population Prospects, United Nations, 2025 Edition
• IPCC Atmospheric Data Reports, 2024
• Standard Atmospheric Conditions (ISO 2533:1975)
Urban centers and metropolitan regions must implement population limits and monitor atmospheric composition to preserve sustainable air quality.
Author’s Note
This essay can’t be conclusive in time and limits of population number that must be done immediately, but be a directive of the ongoing investigation into urban atmospheric sustainability and the critical limits of human-induced oxygen consumption. Further studies are encouraged to validate the threshold population density at which atmospheric imbalance becomes irreversible and towards the desertification of all areas just like is happening in several regions of the Globe.
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